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After
their victory at Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 around 4,000 Zulus
pressed on to Rorke's Drift, a mission station on the Buffalo River. One
company of the 2nd Battalion 24th Regiment of Foot held them off for 12
hours. This was a welcome boost to British morale after the disaster of
Isandlwana, but it had little effect on the campaign as a whole.
Unsurprisingly, it was the defence of Rorke's Drift and the subsequent
award of 11 Victoria Crosses, rather than the defeat at Isandlwana, that
passed into British folklore.
The VC was instituted by Royal Warrant on 29 January 1856 to acknowledge the bravery displayed by many soldiers and sailors during the Crimean War (1854-56). Unlike its predecessors, the new award was open to all ranks and would only be presented for acts of supreme gallantry in the face of the enemy.
The first 85 awards - announced in 'The London Gazette' of 24 February 1857 - were made retrospectively, dating back to the start of the Crimean campaign in the autumn of 1854.
FIRST INVESTITURE
The first 62 crosses were presented to veterans of the Crimean War by Queen Victoria in June 1857. The event, which took place in London's Hyde Park, was attended by large crowds who greeted the VC heroes with rapturous applause.
The Queen elected to stay on horseback throughout the ceremony, and apparently stabbed one of the recipients, Commander Henry Raby RN, through the chest as she pinned the cross to his uniform. Commander Raby nevertheless stood unflinching as the pin was fastened through his flesh!
The Victoria Cross (VC) is one of the highest awards a British soldier can receive. It requires an act of extreme bravery in the presence of the enemy, and has achieved almost mythical status, with recipients often revered as heroes.
The VC is Britain's joint-highest award for gallantry. It was only equaled
in status in 1940, when the George Cross (GC) was instituted for acts of conspicuous bravery not in the enemy's presence.
There is no barrier of colour, creed, sex or rank. Indeed, VC recipients have come from all social backgrounds and from all over the
British Empire and
Commonwealth.
Since its inception in 1856, there have been 1,358 VCs awarded. This total includes three bars granted to soldiers who won a second VC and the cross awarded to the Unknown American soldier. During the
First World War (1914-18), 626 VCs were awarded and in the Second World War (1939-45) 181.
The most recent was awarded to Lance Corporal Joshua Leakey of 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, whose VC was gazetted in February 2015, following an action in
Afghanistan on 22 August 2013.
RECOMMENDATION
The VCs awarded to Crimean veterans were made retrospectively. This meant that there was much lobbying by individuals and regiments to receive the new decoration - most of which was unsuccessful.
The document displayed here was written by Lieutenant John Brophey, who received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions as a colour-sergeant at Inkerman (1854). He later unsuccessfully petitioned the Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of Cambridge, for the retrospective award of the VC.
A recommendation for the VC was normally issued by an officer at regimental or ship level and had to be supported by three witnesses. From there, the recommendation was passed up the military hierarchy until it reached first the Secretary of State for War, and then the monarch.
VC
and other medals of the Scotsman Colonel C J W Grant 1856 Victoria Cross
RULE 13
The original Royal Warrant also stated that the VC could be awarded by ballot, if a large body of men - such as a battalion or ship’s crew - performed the act of bravery collectively. Normally, the officers engaged selected one of their number to receive the cross, and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer and two seamen or private soldiers were selected by their equals.
On 31 March 1900, British troops were ambushed on their march to Bloemfontein by Boer commandos. Under heavy fire, 'Q' Battery Royal Horse Artillery, managed to rescue all but one of their guns. Every man in the battery showed considerable bravery and under Rule 13 of the VC Warrant, four officers and men were nominated by their fellows for the award.
Gunner Isaac Lodge was elected, together with his commanding officer, Major Edmund Phipps-Hornby, Sergeant Charles Parker and Driver Horace Glasock.
CHANGES TO WARRANT
Since the inception of the VC, there have been 14 further Royal Warrants that have changed the original terms and conditions set out for awards. Recognising the bravery of civilian volunteers during the
Indian Mutiny (1857-59), an 1858 warrant extended the eligibility of the VC to ‘non-military persons’ serving with the forces.
Seven civilians have been awarded the VC: Thomas Kavanagh (1857); William Fraser McDonell (1857); Ross Lowis Mangles of the Bengal Civil Service (1857); George Bell Chicken, a civilian volunteer with the
Indian Naval Brigade (1858); the Reverend James Adams of the Bengal Ecclesiastical Department (1879) and Captains Frederick Parslow and Archibald Smith of the Mercantile Marine (1915-17). The latter two recipients were posthumously commissioned into the
Royal Naval Reserve to make them eligible for the VC.
In 1867, in recognition of the services performed by local auxiliary units during the Maori uprisings in
New Zealand (1863-66), eligibility for the VC was extended to local forces serving with Imperial troops. This eligibility was further extended to all colonial and auxiliary troops in 1881.
A
replica VC and the stone Victoria Cross of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission
POSTHUMOUS AWARDS
When the VC was first instituted, the original Royal Warrant made no mention of posthumous awards. It had been decided from the outset that the VC would not be awarded for an act in which the potential recipient was killed, or where he died shortly after.
Instead, in these circumstances, an announcement was made in 'The London Gazette' that the person would have been recommended for the VC had they survived.
There were six instances of this between 1859 and 1897, including Lieutenants Nevill Coghill and Teignmouth Melvill, who were killed attempting to save their unit's Queen's Colour after the defeat at Isandlwana on 22 January 1879.
In 1900, during the Boer War (1899-1902), a posthumous VC was awarded to Lieutenant Frederick Roberts of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps. The son of Field Marshal Lord Roberts, Frederick was mortally wounded attempting to save the guns of the 14th and 66th Batteries, Royal Field Artillery, at Colenso on 15 December 1899. He died 24 hours after being recommended for the VC. This was the first award that included after the recipient's name ‘since deceased’. Roberts' case established the precedent that the VC recommendation could still be processed if a soldier subsequently died before publication in 'The London Gazette'.
During the remainder of the Boer War, several more posthumous VCs were granted and in 1907 it was announced that the six posthumous instances between 1859 and 1897 would also be retrospectively awarded.
Despite the fact that posthumous VCs continued to be granted during the First World War (1914-18), it was not until 1920 that specific provision for posthumous awards was finally made by Royal Warrant.
After their victory at Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 around 4,000 Zulus pressed on to Rorke's Drift, a
mission station on the Buffalo River. One company of the 2nd Battalion 24th Regiment of Foot held them off for 12 hours. This was a welcome boost to British morale after the disaster of Isandlwana, but it had little effect on the campaign as a whole. Unsurprisingly, it was the defence of Rorke's Drift and the subsequent award of 11 Victoria Crosses, rather than the defeat at Isandlwana, that passed into British folklore.
MULTIPLE AWARDS - BARS
The Royal Warrant also made provision for soldiers to receive additional VCs should they perform subsequent acts of outstanding gallantry. Three men have won the VC twice, receiving an extra bar to their original cross.
Major Arthur Martin-Leake won his VC while serving as a surgeon with the South African Constabulary during the Boer War on 8 February 1902 at Vlakfontein. He received a bar to his cross for bravery during the period 29 October - 8 November 1914 near Zonnebeke on the Western Front.
Captain Noel Chavasse, Royal Army Medical Corps, won the VC on 9 August 1916 at Guillemont on the Somme, and a posthumous bar for gallantry between 31 July and 2 August 1917 at Wieltje in Flanders.
Finally, Captain Charles Upham, 20th Canterbury and Otago Battalion, New Zealand Expeditionary Force, won the VC for his actions on Crete during 22-30 May 1941, and a bar for bravery in
Egypt on 14-15 July 1942.
DESIGN
The prototype Victoria Cross was made by the London jewellers Hancocks & Co, who still make VCs for presentation today.
According to legend, the prototype, along with the first 111 crosses awarded, were cast from the bronze of guns captured from the
Russians in the Crimea. There is, however, a possibility that the bronze cannon used was in fact
Chinese, having been captured during the First China War (1839-42) and then stored at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.
The decoration takes the form of a cross pattée, 1.375 inches (35mm) wide, bearing a crown surmounted by a lion, with the inscription ‘FOR VALOUR’. This was originally to have been ‘FOR BRAVERY’. But it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria, who thought that some might mistakenly assume that only the recipients of the VC were brave in battle.
Originally, the VC ribbon was dark blue for the Royal Navy and crimson for the Army. Shortly before the Royal Air Force was formed in 1918, King George V approved the recommendation that the crimson ribbon should be adopted by all three services. When the ribbon is worn alone, a miniature of the cross is pinned on it.
FORFEITURE
Under the terms of the original Royal Warrant, there was a clause that allowed for a recipient's name to be erased from the official list of holders in certain circumstances. Between 1856 and 1908, eight cases of forfeiture took place, for a variety of criminal offences including theft and bigamy.
Private Frederick Corbett forfeited his VC after being found guilty at a court martial of being absent without leave, embezzlement, and theft from an officer. Private George Ravenhill's VC was forfeited after he was imprisoned for theft, having proved unable to pay a ten shilling fine.
However, King George V felt strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited. In a letter written by his Private Secretary, Lord
Stamfordham, on 26 July 1920, it was stated: ‘The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. Even were a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder, he should be allowed to wear his VC on the scaffold.’
The various VC warrants also gave the sovereign the power to cancel any forfeiture and restore both the award and pension. The eight instances of forfeiture therefore continue to be included on the official War Office list of VC holders.
The
Nobel Peace Prize Medal 2002 - Jimmy Carter
https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-garter
https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-garter
https://www.nobelprize.org/
https://www.nobelprize.org/
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